Sir Gawain: The Ideal Knight Essay -- Canterbury Tales English Litera

Sir Gawain The Ideal Knight Throughout the Arthurian legends, Sir Gawain seems to be the epitome of a noble knight. He is always putting his ability before himself, repeatedly sacrificing his own life in some way for queen regnant Arthur. He is an honorable knight that lives up to his word. This is evident in both(prenominal) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell. In these stories, Gawain lives up to the expectations of a knight belonging to the legendary Round Table. In The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell, King Arthur is accused of unrightfully giving away Gromer Somer Joures lands to Sir Gawain. Gromer Somer Joure asks Arthur a question, which Arthur must answer if he wants his life to be starkd. Arthur, going against the instructions of Gromer Somer Joure, tells Gawain of his predicament. He tells Gawain that he must non speak of the situation to anyone else. Gawain responds by telling Ar thur, I am not that man that wold you dishonour. (Ragnell 150) It is apparent that Gawain is an honorable person that keeps his word. Arthur would not confide in him, otherwise. Gawains perpetration to King Arthur is even more evident as the story goes on. Arthur finds an old hag, Dame Ragnell, who knows the answer to the question he has been asked. She asks in return, Thou must graunt me a knighte to wed--his name is Sir Gawen. (Ragnell 280-281) Arthur cannot agree to this without consulting Gawain. When Arthur tells Gawain about his encounter with the hag, Gawain brushes it off as if it is nothing. He does not fear marrying the hag as long as it will spare the life of King Arthur. He says to Arthur with great confidence Is this alle?I shalle w... ...s given his land to Sir Gawain. Arthur relies on Sir Gawain to get him out of the predicament that he is in. He in addition relies on Sir Gawain when the Green Knight confronts him in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Gawain offers t o take Arthurs place in the Green Knights Christmas game. Arthur quickly accepts without a second thought. It is obvious that throughout the Arthurian legends that Arthur and Gawain are portrayed differently. One thing that remains the same is that there is a special bond between these two characters. Gawain is always the knight that is ca-ca to defend Arthur at all times. Works CitedSir Gawain and the Green Knight. Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams et. 7th Edition, Volume 1. New York Norton, 2000. 156-210 Sands, Donald B. Ed. Middle English Verse Romances. New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1966.

Informational Essay about Lille, France -- essays research papers

LilleLille is a city in the north of France. Once know as the Manchester of France, because of its old textile mills. In the 1950s it was a big coal-mining district, but recently the mines have dried up. Lille is most famous for its textiles as well but other countries have got fabrics cheaper Lille- a short briefAnd faster. One of Lilles main businesses is a mail suppose company. They be the apparently the best in France. Lille now has legion(predicate) a(prenominal) advantages, main motorways that lead to other countries and around France, it has the euro star running through the city.Lille is right by the border of Belgium. Which means many people can trip up from Belgium to Lille for work. There are no more borders gates now. The E.U took them away so more people can travel to the city.The modernisation of Lille took about 90 one thousand thousand pounds. The e.u paid about 5 million for the motorways.CONTENTS summon 1 introduction and contents (your reading it)Page 2 how Lille has changedPage 3 - businesses of LillePage 4 canal mapPage 5 table to show how many workers (inaccurate)Page 6 - conclusionPage 2 how Lille has changed Lille has changed in many ways, new roads, industries, offices and businesses. The whole conversion of Lille has made a big improvement on the place. More people can get work, more tourism and more people coming to life in the city. The city has wacky buildings, modern shopping centres and a new mail order that is the best in France. Which was reborn from an old textile mill. First it just did clothes but now it did all. Because of the new motorways, you can get to anyway in France from Lille. Great for the mail order company to deliver in 24 hours Because Lille is so n... ...rrocans. Many of them are having big trouble finding jobs, some of been waiting years for one.There are plenty of offices but not enough people want to start up their own buissness or they do but they just havent got the money. But if Lill e did manage to find some more labour then the city would greatly improve by a great deal. But since the 1950s Lille has become quite modern. Lille has suffered ww1 because its close to flanders, it has suffered ww2 because it was right on the border belguims where the germans invaded first because they could not get past frances east defences so they went in from the top. The city has suffered transformation and many more but the current one of course is not enough jobs. I think Lille is quite a nice city though. If they wreak their cards right they could be as famous as their capital, Paris. Well not quite but close to it.

America Needs Preschool for All Children Essay -- Argumentative Persua

America Needs Preschool for All ChildrenAs you walk into the room, a pint-sized barbarian runs up to your legs and squeezes your knees. Squeals of delectation bounce off the walls as kids boogie to Disney tunes, and another group is meticulously drawing pictures of rainbow colored snowmen. The faint smell of freshly bake chocolate bank check cookies wafts through the room. Everywhere you look, there ar smiles. Sounds great? Attending preschool is like running through a field of dreams. Unfortunately, not all child gets the probability to experience preschool.For low-income families, particularly single mothers, preschool is a huge financial burden. Despite what p arnts want for their children, it isnt always a practical excerption sometimes, the cost of enrolling their children outweighs the gold earned at a job (Mason 46). Soon, mothers are sending their kids to preschool so they can work to make money to pay for preschool. Furtherto a greater extent, without an education, parents are confined to stripped wage jobs with no hope of advancement (49). Wheres the incentive to work? Robin Mason describes one single mothers motivation. For her, employment is more than just money rather, its also a means to boost her self-esteem, gain financial independence, and set a positive manakin for her children. She emphasizes her responsibility to her children to cover a roof over their head, be a good mother, and choose a quality daycare (47).The value of preschool is often miss as parents catch it for its utilitarian purposes. Although most preschools do function as a daycare, the merits gained from an early education follow children throughout their entire lives. Children at this forward-looking age are eager to learn, excited about the buzzing world aroun... ...cial and cognitive skills suffer under the strain (195). But, there is hope a loving, confirmative environment that encourages children to sire into themselves. Preschool. Government programs are in place to help low-income families offset the costs, and national agencies provide multidimensional support for preschoolers and their families. Seven hours in a classroom doesnt fix the problems at home. Rather, these programs are designed to help low-income families through a multi-faceted approach, attacking several issues in one mighty cytosine (Olson, Ceballo, and Park 427). These programs cracking a variety of resources, including parenting classes, stress management courses, family counseling, and nutrition education. Through these programs, the entire community is assuming responsibility for taking care of its children. aft(prenominal) all, it takes a settlement to raise a child. America Needs Preschool for All Children Essay -- Argumentative PersuaAmerica Needs Preschool for All ChildrenAs you walk into the room, a pint-sized kid runs up to your legs and squeezes your knees. Squeals of delight bounce off the walls as kids boogie to Disney tunes, and an other group is meticulously drawing pictures of rainbow colored snowmen. The faint smell of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies wafts through the room. Everywhere you look, there are smiles. Sounds great? Attending preschool is like running through a field of dreams. Unfortunately, not every child gets the opportunity to experience preschool.For low-income families, particularly single mothers, preschool is a huge financial burden. Despite what parents want for their children, it isnt always a practical option sometimes, the cost of enrolling their children outweighs the money earned at a job (Mason 46). Soon, mothers are sending their kids to preschool so they can work to make money to pay for preschool. Furthermore, without an education, parents are confined to minimum wage jobs with no hope of advancement (49). Wheres the incentive to work? Robin Mason describes one single mothers motivation. For her, employment is more than just money rather, its also a means to boost her self- esteem, gain financial independence, and set a positive example for her children. She emphasizes her responsibility to her children to keep a roof over their head, be a good mother, and choose a quality daycare (47).The value of preschool is often overlooked as parents consider it for its utilitarian purposes. Although most preschools do function as a daycare, the merits gained from an early education follow children throughout their entire lives. Children at this ripe age are eager to learn, excited about the buzzing world aroun... ...cial and cognitive skills suffer under the strain (195). But, there is hope a loving, supportive environment that encourages children to grow into themselves. Preschool. Government programs are in place to help low-income families offset the costs, and national agencies provide multidimensional support for preschoolers and their families. Seven hours in a classroom doesnt fix the problems at home. Rather, these programs are designed to help low-incom e families through a multi-faceted approach, attacking several issues in one mighty blow (Olson, Ceballo, and Park 427). These programs offer a variety of resources, including parenting classes, stress management courses, family counseling, and nutrition education. Through these programs, the entire community is assuming responsibility for taking care of its children. After all, it takes a village to raise a child.

Stress In The Workplace :: Workplace Health and Safety

Stress by definition is any circumstance that places special physical and/or mental demands on a person such that an unusual or out-of-the-ordinary response occurs. No one is immune to job related stress, making its existence a serious problem for employers and employees alike. Stressful jobs span an organizations ladder from the bottom rung to the very top.Since starting with UPS, I have seen many symptoms of graze related stress. The symptoms can range from a silent but all telling glazed over look, to extreme ranting and raving associated with the need to rightful(prenominal) vent. These symptoms seem to affect employees at all levels of my department, including my immediate peers as well as my superiors.Under the right circumstances, mild, short-term stress can be a good thing. For example, stress can serve as a motivator when a deadline draws near and there is still much to do. But invariant stress over the long run can and will lead to getting burned out in ones job. Extend ed periods of burnout can lead to wound up and physical exhaustion, lack of motivation, decreased productivity and generally just being unhappy and dissatisfied with ones job.When burnout does occurs not only does the employees suffer but so do others around them. Customers receive poor service, relationships with coworkers suffer, and job involvement decreases to the extent that complaints may be made.Acknowledging that job-related stress causes multiple problems for those who directly and indirectly experience the effects of stress, it should be recognized that money and time could be saved if individuals and companies attempted to prevent stress from disabling parts of the work force.As a company, UPS does offer almost help in managing and reducing stress.

Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Essay -- Papers

following.coms indicate for a Global Web Presence Overview ======== traverse.com and Chase Manhattan together are an external powerhouse in commercial banking. The bank has been continu exclusivelyy growing since the merger in 1955 between The Chase National rim and The Bank of Manhattan Company other merger with the Chemical Banking Company of New York in 1996 made Chase the largest bank holding company in the US. It was the takeover of J.P Morgan in 2000, which lead to Chase get the powerhouse of international banking. ====================================================================== Reasons for development ======================= Two of the major problems that Chase Manhattan faced were due to changes in the general trading environment. Globalisation is fast becoming a reality and therefore Chases domestic customers were now competing with rivals all over the world. Chase in turn had to be suitable to offer these customers top-q uality do wherever they were doing business sector. Advances in telecommunications, including the growth of the Internet, forced Chase (as well as all other major banks) to use telecommunications to make do globally. Chase Manhattan had no weft but to expand and set up Chase.com due to the changing global economy. The internet has fast become used in every business all over the world and in order for Chase to keep in touch with its customers and to keep ahead of its competitors it has to optimise business and links to noncore services. Before a new system can be success richly implemented, the characteristics of the company need to be evaluated to see what type... ... process of implementing a system be to the requirements open by Chase to their ASP? Chase is demanding that the website enables it to have a competitive edge. The system solution is proposing to maintain a fully updated system which will be built on an established technological posi tion, this will support Chase with a world-class website to help them maintain their reckon name in banking and provide them with a competitive edge over others. The solution will make Chases business completely Internet enabled by providing flier information, portals for banking and portfolio and currency management. With the option of modify the system when required to keep Chase ahead of competitors the ASPs suggested solution has all the characteristics of a successful partnership with Chase and its requirements. Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Essay -- Papers Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Overview ======== Chase.com and Chase Manhattan together are an international powerhouse in commercial banking. The bank has been continually growing since the merger in 1955 between The Chase National Bank and The Bank of Manhattan Company another merger with the Chemical Banking Company of New York in 1996 made Cha se the largest bank holding company in the US. It was the takeover of J.P Morgan in 2000, which lead to Chase becoming the powerhouse of international banking. ====================================================================== Reasons for development ======================= Two of the major problems that Chase Manhattan faced were due to changes in the general business environment. Globalisation is fast becoming a reality and therefore Chases domestic customers were now competing with rivals all over the world. Chase in turn had to be able to offer these customers top-quality service wherever they were doing business. Advances in telecommunications, including the growth of the Internet, forced Chase (as well as all other major banks) to use telecommunications to compete globally. Chase Manhattan had no choice but to expand and set up Chase.com due to the changing global economy. The internet has fast become used in every business all over the world and in order for Chase to keep in touch with its customers and to keep ahead of its competitors it has to optimise business and links to noncore services. Before a new system can be successfully implemented, the characteristics of the company need to be evaluated to see what type... ... process of implementing a system be to the requirements established by Chase to their ASP? Chase is demanding that the website enables it to have a competitive edge. The system solution is proposing to maintain a fully updated system which will be built on an established technological position, this will provide Chase with a world-class website to help them maintain their respected name in banking and provide them with a competitive edge over others. The solution will make Chases business completely Internet enabled by providing account information, portals for banking and portfolio and currency management. With the option of updating the system when required to k eep Chase ahead of competitors the ASPs suggested solution has all the characteristics of a successful partnership with Chase and its requirements.

Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Essay -- Papers

spare-time activity.coms direct for a Global Web Presence Overview ======== imitate.com and pastime Manhattan together are an international powerhouse in commercial riming. The bank has been continu everyy growing since the spinal fusion in 1955 between The give chase National Bank and The Bank of Manhattan Company another merger with the Chemical Banking Company of upstart York in 1996 made shack the largest bank holding company in the US. It was the take everywhere of J.P Morgan in 2000, which lead to Chase becoming the powerhouse of international banking. ====================================================================== Reasons for increase ======================= Two of the major problems that Chase Manhattan faced were due to changes in the general business environment. Globalisation is fast becoming a reality and therefore Chases internal customers were now competing with rivals all everywhere the world. Chase in turn had to be able to offer these customers top-quality service wherever they were doing business. Advances in telecommunications, including the growth of the Internet, agonistic Chase (as well as all other major banks) to use telecommunications to compete globularly. Chase Manhattan had no choice but to expand and set up Chase.com due to the changing global economy. The internet has fast become used in every business all over the world and in ordinate for Chase to keep in touch with its customers and to keep ahead of its competitors it has to optimise business and links to noncore services. Before a new system can be successfully implemented, the characteristics of the company need to be evaluated to see what type... ... process of implementing a system be to the requirements established by Chase to their ASP? Chase is demanding that the website enables it to have a belligerent edge. The system solution is proposing to maintain a fully updated system wh ich will be built on an established proficient position, this will provide Chase with a world-class website to help them maintain their respected name in banking and provide them with a competitive edge over others. The solution will buzz off Chases business completely Internet enabled by providing account information, portals for banking and portfolio and currency management. With the option of updating the system when required to keep Chase ahead of competitors the ASPs suggested solution has all the characteristics of a successful partnership with Chase and its requirements. Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Essay -- Papers Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Overview ======== Chase.com and Chase Manhattan together are an international powerhouse in commercial banking. The bank has been continually growing since the merger in 1955 between The Chase National Bank and The Bank of Manhattan Company another merger with the Chemical Banking Company of New York in 1996 made Chase the largest bank holding company in the US. It was the takeover of J.P Morgan in 2000, which lead to Chase becoming the powerhouse of international banking. ====================================================================== Reasons for development ======================= Two of the major problems that Chase Manhattan faced were due to changes in the general business environment. Globalisation is fast becoming a reality and therefore Chases domestic customers were now competing with rivals all over the world. Chase in turn had to be able to offer these customers top-quality service wherever they were doing business. Advances in telecommunications, including the growth of the Internet, forced Chase (as well as all other major banks) to use telecommunications to compete globally. Chase Manhattan had no choice but to expand and set up Chase.com due to the changing global economy. The int ernet has fast become used in every business all over the world and in order for Chase to keep in touch with its customers and to keep ahead of its competitors it has to optimise business and links to noncore services. Before a new system can be successfully implemented, the characteristics of the company need to be evaluated to see what type... ... process of implementing a system be to the requirements established by Chase to their ASP? Chase is demanding that the website enables it to have a competitive edge. The system solution is proposing to maintain a fully updated system which will be built on an established technological position, this will provide Chase with a world-class website to help them maintain their respected name in banking and provide them with a competitive edge over others. The solution will make Chases business completely Internet enabled by providing account information, portals for banking and portfolio and currency management. With the option of updating the system when required to keep Chase ahead of competitors the ASPs suggested solution has all the characteristics of a successful partnership with Chase and its requirements.

Greek Influence on Western Literature Essay

Slide One The plays performed at the Festival of Dionysus represented a completely new performance genre drama. Plays like Oedipus Rex, Medea, and Antigone laid the theme for the great plays to make up the western canon, from Shakespeares Hamlet to Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. Slide Two This era also power saw the birth and development of a new literary genre tragedy. In plays like Oedipus Rex, the basic tragic structure in which a character experiences a change from happiness to suffering was codified and refined. In the hands of writers like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, it became a vehicle for the exploration of some of humanitys fundamental fears and questions nigh existence. You can see the same questions being explored in works by Shakespeare, for example, hundreds of years later.Today, more than 2,000 years later, these plays are still studied by modern tragic playwrights. Slide Three Finally, the Athenian tragedies were important because they put humans at t he warmness of the story. In the Iliad, for example, the gods are closely involved in the legal action they take sides, they intervene on behalf of their heroes, and so on. While gods do appear in these plays, it is the very human protagonists such as Oedipus or Medea who take center stage, and whose actions determine the plot. This change signaled a shift in focus from the supernatural to the human in literature, which would have a profound influence on the western tradition, particularly after the Middle Ages.

Word of Mouth Marketing in the Time of the Internet

At the threshold of the onslaught and brutal dis tender of tycoon of the mesh-based countersign of utter, in that respect be publicy measurable things to discuss standing from divergent perspectives. The most key of which is from the standpoint of an advertisement/merchandising strategist, which is constantly manipulating the mechanisms of social behavior (including the book of account of m come inh phenomenon then and instanter) in the name of successful merchandise lock. impertinentsworthiness of lip (WOM) and merchandise go hand in hand in the past, largely beca habit of the impact of interpersonal kind and confabulation in consumerism. Companies oerwhelmingly believe in the ability of consumers to exploit bingle an separates purchasing decisions (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 64). Today, an some contour lineer(a)(a) takeer comes into the picture the net. If conventional trade and advertising has man eond to weave its way around conventional playscript of address confabulation enough to successfully manipulate it, the same support non be tell nigh how advertising and selling entities atomic number 18 dealing with internet-based sources of expression of sing communication.The internet has shown that it is a originatorful tool for intelligence agency of tattle communication and the power grows vis-a-vis the growth of users, who are overly the consumers. The large number of users gives meshing WOM signifi potfult potential power for marketers. Anecdotal evidence of the power of the Internet WOM abounds (Schindler, Bickart, 2005, p. 35). scorn the problems that go with the rise of internet-based backchat of utter communication and marketing, there are still positive things to hope for. The hazard here is for companies to light upon their mark off ambassadors (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 64), magic spell for others, the task is to simply be able to work well with this clean social trend empowered by new technology that galore(postnominal) is enjoying at the moment. N wholenesstheless, this is a really important topic to discuss, break down and analyze. This paper testament discuss how different internet-based sources of news show of talk marketing including web directs, blogs and other similar mediums affect the decision- do process and the buying habits of modern day consumers.This paper go out be discussing the special and important relationship of third eventors the internet, consumers and the raillery of brim communication because how these factors affect tout ensemble(prenominal) other is an important aspect that shapes how consumerism treats place today. Since the day that humans were able to understand and execute the system of swaping dots or go for a profit, the consumer segment of the society has already been created and today, every ace is a consumer.With the creation of the consumer section and the start of the flow of local economics via sustainability done t he sale of breaker points or service that other populate are willing to pay for is the creation of excogitate of mouth communication. What is intelligence agency of mouth communication, or WOM? at that place are some(prenominal) yet similar explanations close invent of mouth communication made by experts. Here is one cry-of-mouth communication is used to exchange post-purchase subsist among the costumers (Takahashi, Sallach, Juliette, 2007, p. 09). Providing that this explanation is correct, the very first intelligence activity of mouth communication is the very first time the very first consumer who bought something from another person told another somebodyist what he or she thinks of the new-made item he/she purchased. This trend has not changed since. All over the valet, divide of the culture of consumers is to let other large number subsist how they feel nearly the harvest-feast they purchased.Usually, neighbors who cast off pleasant relationship with distr ibutively other intromit in their casual conversations assessment and assessment of the things or services that they recently bought or paying for. It could be almost anything and everything food, clothing, equipment, accessories, home appliances, medicine etc. Word of mouth communication happens everywhere as neighbors and friends talk to severally other during social gatherings or everytime they pass by each other in malls, grocery stores, at work or when they bump into each other in leisure locations like in beach, gym, arcade etc.Word of mouth communication is a harvest-festival largely a personal personal conversation, although sometimes telephone conversations, even mails too fix sources of banter of mouth communication. This happens when friends or relatives suggest or advise for or against a special item or mail, or if they simply express how satisfied or dissatisfied they were in a particular disfigurement or item even without the apprised effort to affect the personal belief of the listener in the item or brand in question.Word of mouth is everywhere, it was an everyday go which, at one point, was believed to be strong enough that it can affect consumer locating. At the onset of media advertising in radio, television and print, mercantiles took to mimicking raillery of mouth phenomenon to reflect legitimate life and pretend it appear that in real life, slew are really talk of the town positively about the brand featured in the money reservation(prenominal) so that the consumers are mouldd towards imbibing the same mindset about the product.Word of mouth style in advertising in media is one of the important types of advertising approach because it was successful and force playive. When people see several(prenominal)s in a commercial enjoying a bottle of a popular soda and talking about it and recommending it to other people, they feel that the people in the commercial are directly talking to them and for most part consumers w ho are exposed to television are influenced into trying the product because the commercial made them feel/think that the product was great and it was worth trying.At this point, there was already a genuine vocalize of mouth communication happening mingled with individuals, as well as artificial excogitate of mouth communication, which happen when commercials try to influence and manipulate the thinking, mindset and attitude of the consumers with the help of commercials. Word of mouth, at this time, was still powerful that it was not an unstable power that cannot be controlled. For one, give voice of mouth communication moves around a particular network and does not extend any further that it cannot immediately create a nationwide attitude for or against a product or brand.Secondly, advertising agencies and marketing professionals managed to control consumer attitude and buying preference largely because of the ability of commercials and marketing efforts to convince people to patronize a particular brand. And then, there was the Internet. The internet was not created primarily to alter the previous status quo in the consumer world. The idea behind the internet is to provide an k directledge highway for everyone to use. But the inbred characteristics of the internet made it an important aspect in how word of mouth, marketing and consumerism would change.The internet gave word of mouth communication renewed power by plentiful the consumers power communicate with each other and let other consumers receipt how individuals feel about particular products be sold to the people. The society was introduced to a new set of culture that included blogs and websites, emails and chats, forums and websites which all provided new platforms where learning can be made available, information which included the personal thoughts of other consumers about products.It turns out that other consumers are very much inte simplenessed in finding out what other people think, peculiarly about products that other people are thinking of buying. Because of this, consumers learnedly or unknowingly focused more than attention online, looking for the opinion of individuals about different products and letting real life experience and not p appended advertisement act as the source of information about products. This information is used to assist the individual in the formation of the individuals buying attitude and consumer behavior upon a particular product.Some of the examples include the browsing of Internet users in sites that feature blogs on consumer appraisal on products, found in websites like www. oxygen. com and its center board www. leftgear. com and its style chat and other websites like www. consumerreviews. com and www. epinions. com. The entry of the internet complicated the relationship of consumer world with world of mouth communication, and most of the problematic aspect of this social change prated the companies which are finding differen t slipway and means to be able to regain control of this new source of word of mouth communication. I.The Consumer and word of mouth The consumer and word of mouth has been together and closely related to to each other for a prospicient period of time. Verbal consumer-to-consumer communication, often referred to as simply word of mouth (WOM) has long been recognized as an important factor in consumer behavior (Schindler, Barbara, 2005, p. 35). Word of mouth and consumers are symbiotic and intertwined, each other directly affecting the other. Without consumers, word of mouth communication, at worst will lose its essence and its ethos, particularly if the information disseminated are merely terminations of guild-led propaganda.Without word of mouth communication, consumers will subscribe to to rely on how much information they have for them to be able to addle the vanquish, educated decision when buying products or services and acquireing which brand to pick from the shelf. The word-of-mouth communication between the consumers is crucial (Takahashi, Sallach, Juliette, 2007, p. 109). Getting the opinion of other people first before making a decision is one of the innate characteristics of many individuals, and their particular attitude in buying is no different.For some people, they fate to know first how other people ahead of him or her in buying the product feels about the item, and then uses this information to assess whether or not he or she will pursue purchasing the product, opt for other brand of the same product or shelf the idea of purchasing one all in all. Innovators first seek information from other people in the purchase of an innovation and such behavior is similar across unhomogeneous new product categories (Krishnamurthy, 2004, p. 73). This particular attitude of consumers is the main vein that connects consumers to word of mouth communication. For most experts, they believe that there are many enough individuals who check this patt ern of behavior in buying that it is important for companies to know how word of mouth communication.The consumers react and move with each other so that the companies can adopt ad unslopedments that enable them to use the presence of word of mouth communication to their advantage. If marketers were to realize the intended results of their efforts, they would benefit from understanding the manner in which consumers process WOMC (De Carlo, Laczniak, Sridhar, 2003, p. 225). This is crucial for consumers because information sharing and dissemination is accomplished done this. But there is more to that. This is also crucial for companies relying on positive word of mouth from consumers to improve how the state-supported perceive the product they are selling, or simply, marketing. The best marketing that ever was, or ever will be is word of mouth. There is no dollar value you can assign to having someone else talk positively about you, your company, and your services (Nacht, Chaney , 2006, p. 64). This realization comes from the consideration that companies also has to rely on word of mouth communication because in several instances, the public/consumer is not interested or affected anymore by commercials and are instead more interested in word of mouth communication.Internet-Based Word of Mouth Seen by Consumers as a Fresh Alternative versus Product/Service Commercials There are many reasons why people find the internet-based word of mouth tools like blogs and forums more reliable, dependable and useful for information gathering. One of the possible reasons is that individuals are already tired, fed up or already calloused by the traditional commercials that they are not as affected anymore as in the past in being exposed to product commercials in television and print media.The feeling of being detached and impersonal by these commercials only when improves its quality as something that is feigned and artificial, and because people compulsioned more, parti cularly something more personal and more genuine, word of mouth via the internet communication became the suitable answer to this consumer need. Instead of fake artificial commercial messages, people can now get real-life comments from peers on anything they want (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 64). II. Word of mouth and the Internet. Word of mouth was a social phenomenon even before the age of Internet. But in the entry of the internet in the social structure and global culture, word of mouth communication, no doubt, was influenced by this new technology. The development of the Internet has led to the appearance of new forms of word-of-mouth communication (Schindler, Bickart, 2005, p. 35). Today, the internet and word of mouth is connected with each other online word of mouth communication is judge by experts to append as long as the users of the internet continue to increase.As online word of mouth communication increases, so is the power and influence of online word of mouth to affec t consumer behavior and buying attitude, making word of mouth dependent on its online breadth for its power and influence, and the internets source of power dependent in part in how individuals like consumers give this medium and give it power by exercising the newfound consumer power (word of mouth communication) through the internet and its features. The grandness of online WOM increases as access to and usage of the Internet continues to grow (Schindler, Bickart, 2005, p. 35). Understanding how word of mouth works is one thing. But making word of mouth result favorably towards a particular product or item is more complicated. And with this knowledge, companies ensure that their initial task is not to make the most out of the word of mouth phenomenon by manipulating it in the onset but rather to ensure that any marketing strategies outside word of mouth considerations do not become a source of negative publicity which in turn would be a potential negative feedback that can be fed in the word of mouth network and would generate more negative publicity and blow the problem out of controllable proportion. The companies task is the fine tuning of the advertising outline driving the demand using sugarcoated advertising claims but paying attention not to initiate negative word-of-mouth set up (Takahashi, Sallach, Juliette, 2007, p. 109). In the age of internet-based word of mouth, this is a task which is not as difficult as absolute a publicity crisis that went public and became the subject of many blogs and forums that can devastate and prohibit the reputation of a product there is tho no ethical way to stop the bloggers from publishing online what they think and feel and how they respond to negative publicity, disregardless of the notion that bad publicity is still publicity. There is just too many bloggers, blog sites, forums and chat rooms in the information highway that controlling what comes from it is impossible, but making sure bloggers cannot regul arise anything bad about the product, equalised to the earlier task, appears more doable, workable and possible. At least through that, companies can hope that they have something they can use to attempt to equalize the impact of internet-based word of mouth communication.In this line of thought, it is easy to see that one of the effects of the powerful internet-based word of mouth communication is forcing companies to either make something flawless and reasoned all in all, or be good in covering up pass ups and problematic aspects that can be used as topics to start communication threads and negative word of mouth streams of conversation that can be devastating. manifestly utter, this situation can translate to better quality control, with companies trying to play it fair with the consumers as much as possible, lest someone notices how things do not add up and publish it in the internet and create an online buzz that can negatively affect the image of the product and the compan y. Traditional or through the internet, word of mouth among customers and the consumer is a very powerful aspect of the mechanism of marketing and consumerism.Being able to understand this aspect is critical especially for market strategists and for the company themselves, so that they can, in turn, prepare for the possible trend in the word of mouth phenomenon, how it will affect the product and how they would hand this situation in a manner that benefits them more than harms them. Clemmer, Sheehy (1994) explained what the Washington, D. C. based group TARP or Technical Assistance Research Program found out, particularly that while only a small percent of your unhappy customers bother to tell you about their dissatisfaction, they are eager to tell lots of your potential customers about the problems they have had dealing with you (Clemmer, Sheehy, 1994, p. 15). This is just one of the many test copys that customers talk to each other, share each others experiences, and more often than not, take to heart the input they receive from other people and use it to affect their future decision making when it comes to buying or patronizing a product or item.Through word of mouth phenomenon, many things come into play and not just patronage of products sometimes the success of the new things being offered to the public is also dependent on word of mouth, regardless of whether or not the outcome resulting from the word of mouth is good or bad publicity for the product. Favorable WOM has been found to be positively related to new-product diffusion Even negative WOM is found to increase credibility (Krishnamurthy, 2004, p. 273). Increased Role of Word of Mouth Today. As years go by and as the attitude of consumerism increases around the world, the power of consumer input through different channels including the use of word of mouth communication (WOMC) also increased in significance. Partly, this is one of the means by which both the consumers and the companies in need of genuine product, service and performance appraisal can have real, first hand information about how the public as consumers really feel about a product, service or item sold to them.Word of mouth has become one of the gauges, not just of product appraisal but of the performance as well, of the companies to be able to deliver to the public what the public genuinely needs, and not what the companies want the people to need. In the past decade, word of mouth and its more formal manifestation found in many consumer and industry protection drifts have been playing a much bigger part in broadcasting what kind of service/quality a company is consistently delivering as perceived by its customers (Clemmer, Sheehy, 1994, p. 5). The increase in this trend is due largely to the growth and increase in customer participation. The influence of blogs and podcasts is increasing due to unwavering expansion of the audience and contributors (Swoboda, Morschett, Rudolph, Schnedlitz, Schramm-Klein, 2008, p. 9). Word of mouth has become an important point of concern for marketing.This is because at the entry of the internet and the weakening hold of traditional advertising and marketing effort to influence the public, the consumers found in the World Wide Web a new source of information, as well as a place where they have the play to spill about their experience as consumers, in the process empowering consumers and making them not just mere recipients of the messages of the advertising and marketing strategies but also a source of information that can soberly compete and challenge traditional marketing and advertising when it comes to distorting and affecting the consciousness of the audience.Professionals know about this already, but they are careful not to openly admit how consumers of today rely on word of mouth in the internet blogs and forums. How they are very on the lookout not to make internet-based word of mouth push their carefully and delicately laid out advert ising and marketing plans out of order by making sure that even the consumer has fully ignored the commercials, the word of mouth results still puts a particular product in a positive light.Nacht and Chaney (2006) quoted Paul Beelen who said that a positive comment is very important, more important compared to commercials or print ads especially if the comment was something that came from someone you know and trust (Nacht and Chaney (2006, p. 64). Beelen, as quoted by Nacht and Chaney, went on to explain by stressing that word of mouth became more potent now than it was before because of the fact that millions of consumers are now also publishers (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 4) and the traditional word of mouth that was once left in the party huddles now jumps off and lives on longer and extends towards a wider audience via the World Wide Web, in the form of podcasts, wikis, forums, and most importantly blogs (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 64). Word of Mouth Marketing and the Power of the I nternet Why is word of mouth very powerful? One of the reasons is that because it happens as part of a very simple and common human experience. It is an important part of constant everyday fundamental fundamental interaction between individuals.Because the efficacy found in the word of mouth phenomena is the fact that there is a sense of commitment and the value of trust and credibility that people are willing to put on the line, making people trust the appraisal of the person who have already used a particular product. This power is a very important power that marketing strategists need to have if they want to be able to control and predict the outcome of buying attitudes and consumer preferences, the result more favorable to the product they intend to sell to the market.For example, the traditional word of mouth phenomenon happens between friends, between relatives or peers in the house, in the neighborhood, in the office or in locations where human verbal interaction is possible. A housewife may rant to a neighbor and fellow housewife how the recent upholstery stain remover did not work for her and how it messed the sofa more.Of course, housewife 2 do not have any way of finding out if this was true or if the worsening of the condition was caused by other factors (i. e. wrong use of the cleaner, etc), but there is a very large possibility that housewife 2 will shy away from the particular brand being discussed and select another brand (not unless the brand being talked about is something that housewife 2 has already used in the past and depended on for quality and performance).Nonetheless, this illustrates what is in play in the word of mouth phenomena. It becomes more credible because people believe that the appraisal/assessment of a product/service is based largely on true, first hand experience without any manipulative motive from the source of information besides the need to share the experience with another individual.The same effect marketing and PR p rofessionals try to produce everytime they use common or ordinary looking individuals to comment on their products or everytime they use the everyday man random interview wherein the individual endorses a product based on his/her own true experience, which some individuals may not easily believe knowing that actors in paid ads are mere puppets and totally unreliable sources of information in a pseudo-word of mouth approach.This traditional word of mouth model is no different from how word of mouth communication and word of mouth marketing happens today in the online world or through the internet. In recent years, the opportunity for consumers to generate WOMC (word of mouth communication), and the rate at which it is disseminated, has increased significantly due to penetration of the Internet (De Carlo, Laczniak, Sridhar, 2003, p. 225). Bloggers talk about items they recently bought or thinking of buying, and more often than not replies to the subject thread will generate different opinions about the product being talked about, and this series and streams of ideas racing back and forth between individuals involved in conversation through blogging affect the perception not just of the bloggers involved but also those who come across the blog site and gets to read it (i. . those who searched for the particular product in the search bar to get more information about the item, who will soon have different notions and particular mindset about the item which was unknown to the person prior to reading the blog and message threads that influenced the individuals thinking and perception about the product).Word of mouth marketing and communication placed in the plateau or realm of the internet is more influential and powerful as it is more riskous because the counterpane of word of mouth through the internet is easier and can target and reach more individuals compared to traditional word of mouth experiences. Because of this, marketing strategist are all the more conc erned about the power of the internet-based word of mouth phenomenon. Chat rooms and message boards, for example, allow individuals to share experiences with relative ease (De Carlo, Laczniak, Sridhar, 2003, p. 225). For example, talking about a particular product or item in a chat room with 50 listed participants (something which is not impossible or difficult to achieve, especially with the growth of social networking via the internet that links more and more people together in a tightly knit web of online community that connects one to another in many different links) already puts the source of the information in a position wherein he/she can influence 49 different individuals, especially if the topic/item/product is about something that is of common interest to everyone in the chatroom (i. . the newest electronic entertainment gadget among young individuals or a particular product or item among hobbyist, like the newest GPRS gadget among outdoor enthusiast). Imagine the impact o f influencing 49 individuals, something that is not easy to do traditionally since it is not easy to gather 50 individuals in one location on a particular time only to rant about product appraisal (not unless its the annual Tupperware Party, where the preferences of the individual on a particular common interest is already a given).Manipulating Internet-Based Word of Mouth Communication Because of the power of online word of mouth communication, there are several efforts to cheat word of mouth communication by planting individuals that will act as sources to create a rouse in the internet and in the process allow people to talk about a particular product or item in the internet through blogs and forums and chat rooms, in the process creating word of mouth communication and marketing the product/item/service to the consumer.A perfect example is what happened in the internet during the effort to create popularity for a former pop star. Students hired to post questions and comments on teen-oriented chat rooms and bulletin boards generated discussion and interest in pop singer Christina Aguilera (Schindler, Bickart, 2005, p. 35). The power of word of mouth found in internet tools is very potent that companies are also trying to find ways on how to combat the presence of negative inputs directed at company products resulting from online word of mouth communication. Trademark owners may be able to suppress or excise negative word of mouth (Goldman, 2008, p. 404). This can be also considered as manipulating online word of mouth, largely to protect the interest of companies who are in danger of bad publicity and bad public standing if word of mouth in the internet is not properly handled. Because of the power of online word of mouth and the collaboration of the word of mouth culture with the internet technology, several changes happened.One of which is the challenging the traditional market cycle power players. Experts believe that online and offline word of mouth communication functions differently. And because of that, control is something that companies are struggling with as word of mouth in the internet increases. Offline, trademark owners have a fair amount of control over consumer perceptions of their brands. Online word of mouth undermines that control (Goldman, 2008, p. 04). Challenging the Traditional Expert-Review Notion Another important characteristic of word of mouth communication in the internet that makes it very influential and significant in the consumer reception and patronage of a product in the shelf is because of what experts believe as the shift of credibility from the traditional product experts to the everyday, everyman blogger in the internet where word of mouth is mostly prevalent.Even if companies pay for the opinion of respected product experts, it hardly matters now because it seems like individuals who want information about a product read about what other individuals like themselves has to rank about the prod uct before creating their own mindset and perspective about the item. Nowadays, customer reviews posted in different forums or virtual communities, web blogs and podcasts are much more powerful and believable than expert product reviews (Swoboda, Morschett, Rudolph, Schnedlitz, Schramm-Klein, 2008, p. 8). This is good news for those who will be affected by word of mouth in a positive manner, especially those whose appraisal that was transferred via word of mouth through blog(s) commend the product and encourage other people to use it, because this phenomena evens out the impending failure in credibility of perceived product experts. This can also spell doom and worst case marketing crisis management for those which were appraised negatively in the blogosphere. Word of Mouth as a Source of Important information One of the sources of power of word of mouth is because people rely on it, generally for information.In this age where there are many things being offered to them, each type o f item available in different brands, customers wanted to have more information until they are satisfied that they know what they need to know later making the purchase. A second source for consumers to learn about a new product is through word-of-mouth (Krishnamurthy, 2004, p. 273). This was true during the pre-internet age, and still holds true now that Internet became part of the social culture and took an important part in how word of mouth is undertaken today.Word of mouth, particularly internet based word of mouth communication has been an important source of information that some believe that it has already overtaken the significance of the traditional mass media platforms when it comes to consumer preference on where to find the information that they want to know. Take for example, the case for the diffusion of new products in the market. Some experts believe that in this particular area, word of mouth is very important factor in how the sales and marketability of the new product will turn out after consumer reception to the product is gauged. Awareness of new products primarily came from personal communications, with mass media only consulted when more information was desired (Krishnamurthy, 2004, p. 273). That people rely heavily on the input of other people rather than the impact of mass media advertising and marketing strategy only points to the idea that large sections of the items, services and other things for sale particularly those which is in its initial launch level depend the level of consumer loudness based on how the consumer and their preferences and buying habits will react to the input of word of mouth in their consciousness. Some studies have shown that innovators engage in more WOM communication than do imitators and are more dependent on WOM (Krishnamurthy, 2004, p. 273). III. The Internet and the consumer One of the best things that happened to the world is the internet, as much as the internet is one of the best things that happened to consumers because of many different reasons. First, the internet improved purchasing, making the buying and selling of things faster and more convenient both for the vendor and the customer.Online purchasing is also now an option to consumers, thanks to the internet. Another important impact of the internet in the world of consumers is how the internet gave the consumers the power by providing consumers with a new platform for word of mouth communication. In the past, the consumers are left with very little options and chances for their opinion and thoughts to be heard by the companies that sell items, by their fellow consumers and by the rest of the world.With the entry of the internet, the consumer section is once again empowered because they have now, through the internet, what they did not have when the transfer of information was controlled largely by manufacturers and vendors. Using the internet, consumers can now easily publish their opinions, providing their thou ghts, feelings, and viewpoints on products and services to the public at large (Schindler, Bickart, 2005, p. 35). A place to speak and influence other consumers through online word of mouth was made possible by the internet, and the consumers are now not merely the end-recipients of the products of capitalism and manufacturing. Consumers, with a more powerful type of word of mouth communication through the internet, can make people boycott brands and products and seriously affect the sales of different items simply by convincing individuals through blogs and forums and chats why such products should not be patronized.Consumers will never see fellow consumers as someone with an agenda, and because of this, they will take the input of fellow consumers and allow it to seriously influence them. Influencing Brand Perceptions Through the use of the internet, the consumer is not only provided with a new way to purchase goods and items, but also given the chance to influence other consumers towards brand perception. The broad reach of online word of mouth gives consumers tremendous power to influence brand perceptions (Goldman, 2008, p. 404). The Power of the Internet in Consumer WorldThere are many proofs of the power of the internet in the consumer world. Some of the proofs include the fact that through the internet, consumers are connected with each other. The Internet helps create new word of mouth content and disseminate word of mouth to new and previously unreachable audiences (Goldman, 2008, p. 404), while another significant proof of the power of the internet in the consumer world is the entry of internet and how it impacted trademark law, Online word of mouth poses the most important challenge to Internet trademark law (Goldman, 2008, p. 04). These proofs of the power of the internet in the consumer world particularly through the internet-based word of mouth only highlights the limitations found in traditional and/or offline word of mouth communication. Off line, consumer word of mouth plays a major role in the marketplace by disciplining some brands and rewarding others, but a persons views typically reach only a limited number of people (Goldman, 2008, p. 404). Proof of the Power of Internet-Based Word of MouthThe effects of word of mouth among customers and consumers have been studied extensively for years. Ever since market analyst identified the power of word of mouth in the market value and market success of products and other things for sale to the consumers, many entities like TARP have undertaken studies in order to understand more how word of mouth works and how it actually affects things. TARP has studied the ripple effects of dissatisfied customers and word of mouth testimonials. The results will rock anyone concerned about sales and marketing (Clemmer, Sheehy, 1994, p. 15). But studies are not just the sole proof that can validate the claim that internet-based word of mouth is effective and is being seriously used today i n aggressive marketing. Other proofs may include the cases in the past that pointed to the role and power of internet-based word of mouth and how it influenced the outcome of consumer/public patronage and support. Other proofs of the power of the internet-based word of mouth communication are identified by experts by naming instances wherein internet-based word of mouth communication was important in the marketing and in the ensuing success of the product/item/services for sale to the public.One of the industries that depend on positive public acceptance of what they sell for them to survive and sustain themselves is the entertainment industry, particularly movie making. In the past, many different movies saw what the Internet-based word of mouth can do for particular movies to make it big in the silver screen, including popular titles like the benefit Blair Witch Project. After the success of the use of Internet buzz in promoting the movie The Blair Witch Project, studios are incr easingly relying on online WOM to develop interest in new films (Schindler, Bickart, 2005, p. 5). The movie acted as a perfect case study that indicate the impact of internet-based word of mouth and how it can create a fuss among consumers that can lead to consumption of the product (in this case, leading the people to watch the movie). Because of this, many other marketing strategists of other film outfits followed suit, including this particular formula in the overall marketing strategy to guarantee the success of the movie based on patronage and public support.The same was the case in the more recent movies, like the global smash hit epic trilogy The Lord of the Rings which, according to Schindler and Bickart (2005), relied on the role and impact of the internet and how it can diffuse word of mouth information via its many different features. New Line Cinemas encouraged the development of unofficial web sites about the movies, providing these sites with interviews with the film s director in order to generate discussion and excitement about the movies (Schindler and Bickart, 2005, p35). Blogs a Powerful Internet-Based Word of Mouth Communication Tool The creation of blogs and the blogosphere, and how the consumers were quick to embrace and utilize this new, internet-based form of interpersonal interaction is one of the main reasons why the internet has become a very potent source for word of mouth communication, word of mouth marketing and advertising, and word of mouth communication that can either seriously improve or damage a particular product or brand.While blogs are not exclusively focused on product and services analysis, it is easily noticeable how the traditional trend occurring between neighbors who chat and compare their thoughts on different products and services (in the process producing word of mouth communication) transformed into online neighborhood chat. Only this time, the people involved in the conversation of product and services compa rison are bigger in numbers and not limited to geographical boundaries.An American youth can blog about his assessment of the current mobile phone or media player, which can get different reactions from other individuals who may or may not be directly related or connected with the blogger from as far as Asian or European countries. They can converse via their entries and replies in the blog and talk as if they are adjoining door neighbors even when offline they are mere strangers to each other and live thousands of miles away.It is for this particular power to spread the word that marketing strategies and companies make sure that they make sufficient consideration and leg room to accommodate the possible input of blogs and word of mouth communication in the internet in their overall market strategy and the overall performance of the product they are trying to sell.Generally, what every company can hope for is that the bloggers in the blogosphere have mostly good dustup to tell to each other when it comes to appraising the product/services that they are trying to sell to the public. Not only will consumers talk to you via your blog, they also will talk to one another. Your readers can become your best brand-building evangelists, helping you to spread your message and your presence throughout their networks (Nacht, Chaney 2006, p. 64). Being able to get an online ally and brand evangelist (directly or indirectly) is important because it does not only make ones product or services look good, but it also helps in selling the product/service to the people. As what most experts believe, what people read in the online blogs focused on product and services assessment and appraisal greatly affect the individual in what he or she might want to buy in the very immediate future. For consumers, blogs are like customer reviews on Yahoo ocal or Amazon, which are helpful in making decisions about what to buy and whose services to use (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 65). This is the needed push so that consumers can take it to the next level to actually buy an item, and to start the foundation of a long lasting brand patronage and to trigger the start of new word of mouth by using the new consumer as the new source of information for other people whom the consumer can convince to either try the brand or opt for something else.Of course, marketing and advertising people have since made it their task to provide that necessary push to (1) make the consumer buy, (2) start the foundation of brand loyalty, and (3) make the consumer new sources of information that can influence other consumers and expand the network of word of mouth communication that delivers a very positive message favorable to the product/service being sold to the public. Today, experts believe that this task is something that advertisers and marketing professionals cannot achieve solely by themselves and their efforts.Internet-based tools like blogs provide the crucial word of mouth communica tion that heavily influences consumers. Blogs, one of the most popular and user-friendly internet-based tool for word of mouth communication, is proving that it is one of the forces to reckon with, flexing extensive power that dictates the movement in consumer attitude. Blogs are word of mouth supercharged (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 64) Add to this trend the consideration that most people outside of the marketing and advertising business is fast catching up with what advertising and marketing is trying to do.They sense the artificial push given to consumer and in the process, making consumers less and less dependent on advertising and more and more difficult to be influenced by advertisements especially when it comes to consulting other people about product input to affect buying attitude and preference. With internet-based tools like blogs, consumers feel like they are genuinely talking to another person who would give them an honest, first hand, experience-based opinion without any motive or agenda to influence the consumers buying preference other than to provide information.It is something that most believe they do not actually get from advertisements and marketing campaigns geared at making brands look good and pleasing to the senses and covering up areas which maybe problematic or undesirable for the consumer in real life. In their book, Nacht and Chaney (2006) used as an example the result of a North Carolina survey, and wrote that one third of all consumers would prefer to receive product information from friends and specialists rather than from advertising (Nacht and Chaney, 2006, p. 65). The idea of friends in this particular idea would promising include peers and contacts in the online/internet network of an individual. The exchange of information between friends to substitute the information gathering from advertising-based sources most likely happens online, including the use of blogs through writing blogs or reading other peoples blogs about the product, in this case blogs act, according to PR strategist Steve Rubel, as a 24/7 focus group thats transparent and out in the open (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 64).Companies also understand the significance of blogs and have a particular role for blogs to play in how consumerism works, in the hope that blogs can assist them in making sure consumerism and its related socio-economic conditions interact together favorably for the company and its products and items it sells to the public. Smart businesses will pay attention to blogs, using them as kind of informal network of consumer opinion. Blogs have become a word-of-mouth marketing channel that allows companies to keep a pulse on their marketplace (Nacht, Chaney, 2006, p. 4). The Internet Versus the Traditional Tri-Media So how does the internet and its features (i. e. websites, blogs etc) actually become another important source of word of mouth marketing and in the process have the capacity to influence the buying attitudes and pre ferences of the consumers? The internet, like the radio, print media and the television are all platforms used for the movement of information. The first three types of information platforms the tri-media nearly had the similar effect that the internet has.While the tri-media, no doubt, had immense effect on buying attitude and preferences and overall marketing, there is something that the internet has managed to give to the target consumers that the tri-media failed to provide them interactivity. Because the websites and the blogs and the podcasts feature interactivity by allowing ordinary individuals to have a say on products or items for sale, people listen to what they have to say more.And because the internet is an accessible and available platform for discussion between and among customers (something that is not available for the other tri-media since the information direction here is one way from the companies to the target audience), consumers who tried the product or ser vice feels good that they have an avenue where they as ordinary consumers can appraise and assess a product, without the restrictions of companies and without the marketing scripts and paid appearances by individuals posing as ordinary consumers in the tri-media marketing which, as years went by, became passe and hardly credible a style for word of mouth marketing to convince the consumer/audience.Blogs and the websites has proven that it is a fresh new approach that meant empowering the consumers, allowing them not only to be informed but also to speak about the products and services they bought. The absence of pretentiousness and feigned positive approval in the world of blogging has made it a very influential tool because people speak based from their own appraisal of the product or services. And if the appraisal is good, then this type of word of mouth marketing can indeed help a product to gain more followers and patrons. Similarly, the bloggers who are not impressed by somethi ng they bought may speak about the product negatively. This is a serious scourge to the market power and credibility of the product.Since the time of television, print and radio advertisements, marketing personnel are already conscious of the impact of having an ordinary and common individual talk about the product. This is why many brands have opted to pick someone that is not popular, someone that represents the common folk, to speak positively about the product as if what they are saying in the television, print or radio advertisement is a genuine personal appraisal and not a scripted one. Of course, to be able to get a space in television, radio or print media, one has to pay a hefty sum, and because of that, it is impossible an d impossible for the real common folk to talk to the masses via the avenues of mass communication about how he or she felt about a particular detergent brand or hamburger chain.The internet, through personal websites and blogs, is a very cheap way to make ones own assessment of products through product reviews. In this particular sphere, the genuine essence of the idea of word of mouth is maximized because blogging meant that the entire worldwide communities hooked in the internet are talking to each other. This explains the idea that an important aspect of word of mouth marketing information transfer traffic is highly dependent on how the need to interact with peers and friends is facilitated and consumed by the consumers themselves. Interaction with peers triggers new customer needs and alters buying attitude (Swoboda, Morschett, Rudolph, Schnedlitz, Schramm-Klein, 2008, p. 8).By blogging, people can influence other people not just about particular brand preferences. They can also influence other people about starting to want to buy something which an individual did not know or want in the past prior to the onset of the influence of the input of blogging or of a particular blog article. Through blogs they tell each other what products they find best and what products they find disappointing. They talk to each other, and the speed by which their messages are sent to each other is something that the traditional tri-media cannot match, making the bloggers and what they say to each other more powerful and more influential. ConclusionHow the world is recognizing the true impact of the optimization of a potential of the internet as a powerful tool in marketing particularly through word of mouth marketing today just goes to show that, similar to the case of the traditional tri-media during its early years, new information platforms are of all time important avenues that affect the people and the different aspects of their lives, one of which is buying attitude and buying preferences. Add to the fact that compared to the era of the early years of the traditional tri-media, the world today at the apex of the influence of the internet on modern day life is also characterized vis-a-vis by the heightened sense of co nsumerism and capitalism that more and more people are investing in businesses that create new things to sell to the people because they can make people believe they need to buy these things.As products and brands compete for the limited budget of consumers, elbowing each other to be able to find a place in the grocery or shopping bag, what peers in the internet world has to say to each other about particular items and brands is an important word of mouth marketing hinged on electronic/digital medium of information dissemination that should be consistently studied so that they can have the knowledge on how they can use this tool for their own advantage, marketing-wise. This endeavor has, no doubt, started. But the study of this phenomena brings to light the prospect that the media and platforms of information and interactivity will always be an important tool to shape social attitudes, including consumer attitudes towards buying, brand preference and item selection. The social effec ts of the social media are, by and large, a fascinating look for area and a field most likely to shape future consumer or even human behavior (Swoboda et al, 2008, p. 9). May it be traditional word of mouth phenomena or online, internet-based word of mouth, what serves as a constant truth is that word of mouth remains an important and influential aspect of social interaction that affects market power of items for sale because word of mouth affects the buying attitude and consumer preferences. It appears that electronically transferred or face-to-face WOMC has the potential to alter carefully planned marketing communication programs, depending on how consumers process such information (De Carlo, Laczniak, Sridhar, 2003, p. 225). This leans towards the understanding that marketing strategies should always take into consideration word of mouth experiences and its impact and how word of mouth can be controlled to favor a particular product and act as a useful support mechanism in a ma rketing strategy.

Life should be taken care

By looking at the above premises I reach to a solid conclusion that no one(a) should be allowed to ride in the truck of truck unless they have taken the necessary precautions, e. g. , having attained the proper come on, or when the truck is but the scarce means of transport in a family and the speed at which the truck is travel must be in musical arrangement with the traffic rules.Life should be taken care of, people must be willing to avoid accidents and injuries if they can be avoided, I truly look at equitation at the backward of a truck a mere stylus of inviting trouble. In results where trucks (pickups) were involved in accidents and overturned the riders at the back were propel out, this way permanent body injuries and/or death were inevitable. No-one should be allowed to ride in the back of a pick up.There are always risks associated to this type of traveling and in the USA this is one of the leading cause of deaths in accidents on the road. There are various ways by which this can be make a little bit safe but all in all it should really be banned. Think of a person below the age of 18 riding at the back of a pick up and see the possibility of falling off. Riders especially Kids who traveled in the back of a pick up more than often suffer from monoxide poisoning.It is so uncomfortable to ride in the back but teenagers find this as a way of having fun, rebelling, and teenagers will take advantage of this especially if the driver of the truck is not the owner and also when their parents are not near the scene. It is obvious that in case of an accident involving the pick up those at the back will get more injuries and even sometimes death may take place. If the pick-up rolls those at the back will be ejected out It could then roll over them. The manufactures of these pick had the obvious reason for cargo transport not people.Traffic laws state that those who ride at the back of a truck should be above the age of 18, that a certain speed should be observed if a truck has people riding in its back but sometimes these laws are violated and for this reason it should be banned completely that for whatsoever there should be no one riding at the back, I know that sometimes this may not apply as there are times that this may be the only way of transport for certain people but it is banned they will get alternatives as it is better to have a transport problem than smack to heal injuries and/or encounter death.

Mike McCurry

Mike McCurry is a partner at Public Strategies Washington Inc. where he provides strategic communications counsel. He is a co-chairman of Hands off the Internet, a coalition of telecommunication-related businesses. McCurry served as press secretary to President billhook Clinton from 1995 until 1998.His views and opinions on the 2006 elections are as follows I think what we need is a new regime of the center that with the right kind of charismatic candidate could lead to the development of a third troupe. I think that may happen as we research ahead to 2008. So the big question in American politics now is it the American policy-making party system binary or is it tripartite?presidential wannabe Mike Huckabee seems to have forgotten about how the Ds and the Rs worked together to give us the Patriot Act, the War and Iraq, and numerous other assaults on our emancipationYou have parties that essentially dont work together to solve problems, and I think people in America are not so much feel for an ideological government, theyre looking for a problem-solving government.White House correspondent Mike Allen more or less admits that he ignores candidates who dont have an R or a D attached to their nameOne of the ways that youre able to sort of keep things down the middle is that you spend as much time talk to the opposition as you do talking to your candidate. So if Im, for instance, covering President Bush in 2004 and I have the privilege to be on impart Force One covering his events, Ill also talk during the day to the Kerry campaign on my cell phone, read their e-mails as they come through to our Treos or Blackberrys or the other little devices that we carry.So at the end of the day, if youre covering a candidate, you know the best argument for what theyre saying because you hear their events, talk to the staff members who venerate and appreciate them, and you know any holes there might be in that argument because youre doing the research yourself, often w ith the aid of the other side. So what we try to do is bring those together and give people the complete package.Political scientists will tell you that the almost natural result of that is two dominant parties running for the center, toilsome to offend as few people as possible, and thats what gives us situations where everybody avoids the issues when theyre running for office, situations where you have groupthink to a certain extent in legislatures, such as the go vote in allowing President Bush to take us to war in Iraq.I am agreeing with views and opinions by Mr. Mike McCurry since from the opposite side of the political divide, Mike McCurry has strikingly similar views. He watched the Gingrich revolution from his perch as Clintons press secretary from 1995 until 1998. Democratic and Republican strategists Mike McCurry and Jack Oliver and Shayne Moore, a homebody mom queuing up to vote. It urges Americans to ask what does your candidate think about global poverty when casting a vote at the polls.In 2004, when congressional Democrats discussed how the party could connect with religious Americans, there was one man everyone wanted in the room Mike McCurry.Not only was McCurry press secretary for President Bill Clinton one of the last Democrats to earn amens from the choir he is also a Methodist Sunday school teacher and a board member at Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington.Mike lives his faith in such a committed way and believes deeply that public service is a form of Christian vocation, said Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass.McCurry, who turns 52 next week, is best known for facing down the media during the Clinton impeachment proceedings a chore that won him the respect (and sympathy) of his peers. More recently, he advised Kerrys 2004 presidential campaign on religious outreach after the candidate began to take heat from Catholic conservatives.(for more details, see the www.uselectionatlas.org official site)

Christianity and Slavery In Early American Literature Essay

In the 18th -19th centuries religion had a great influence on culture and literature. The American society created a unique culture influenced by its norms and traditions, historical and political development, Christianity and slavery. Dogmas and norms of the society were embodied in the religious tradition and transferred into literature. Religion and slavery did non independently becoming an integral part of culture. Thesis advance(prenominal) American Literature reflects cultural norms and tradition of the society and shows that blacks and whites were united by virtues and religious dogmas of Christianity.Early American Literature show that with the help of literature, people embodies their beliefs and hopes, ideas and ideals. Christianity and church was a strong force which dictated social norms and social order. For instance, the poetry by Phillis Wheatley vividly depicts the importance of ethical motive and religion for both whites and blacks. In the poem On Virtue he writes Virtue, thro my y prohibitedhful years / O leave me not to the dark joys of time / But guide my steps to endless heart and bliss (Wheatley, 1996). In otherwise poems he depicts characters as devoted parishioners who follow all in all value and commandments.Phillis Wheatley can be considered as a moral poet of his time unveiling social contradictions and moral values of slaves and their hopes. He describes the roles of beau ideal and goodness in life of slaves. In ISAIAH Wheatley describes For man the wrath of an immortal God / To execute th Eternals dread command / My soul I sacrificd with impulsive hand (Wheatley, 1996). These examples show that religion and Christianity determines lives of slaves in spite of the fact that church and Christianity were used to defense and legitimatize the creation of slavery.Many characters in his poems wonder wherefore anyone would understand a difference between slaves and masters, blacks and whites. Morality is depicted done religious ritual and values followed by slaves. It is not surprising that religious dogmas became the cypher of behavior for many women who needed strong arguments to prove their decisions. Also, the Christianity was used to chief(prenominal)tain defense of domesticity and the role of women as mother and wives only. In To his Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, on the destruction of his Lady Wheatley writes ALL-Conquering stopping point by thy resistless powr, /Hopes towring plumage falls to rise no more/Of scenes mundane how the glories fly, / Forget their splendors, and submit to die (Wheatley, 1996). This theme underlines the fact that all people atomic number 18 mortal. Even stressful to challenge destiny, people cannot change ordered power structure of the world, and is punished with an eternal hell. In the expression, Frederick Douglass addresses a very important problem of racial inequality in America and its impact on the society. In his speech the Fourth of July, Frederick Douglas s depicts social and political situation and ridicules low morals and false values existing in the society.As the most important he bases the chief(prenominal) arguments on the principles of liberty, moral and religious norms. He appeals to emotions of listeners through the theme of God and morality. Douglass posits this, for the purpose of this celebration, is the 4th of July. It is the birthday of your National Independence, and of your political freedom. This, to you, is what the Passover was to the emancipated people of God (Douglass, 2002). Distinction between spiritual and temporal power creates a space for freedom, in which an individual can fight for freedomWorks of two black writers and abolitionists show that slaves believed in God and followed Christian morality in their life. For slaves and free black men religion was a moral guard which shaped their behavior. Christianity play a crucial role in lives of all slaves. Both abolitionists depict that religion and church e xercise power, keep their traditions and values. It is important to note that during 19th carbon religion had a great influence on social life and was often used as a theme and framework in literature (Fogel, 1989).Douglass gives some overview of the cultural situation of that time and peoples attitude towards the slavery. This speech is very important as it appeals to everyone both blacks and whites. In general, it is possible to speculate that in Douglass gives a vivid explanation of the slavery that relates with accuracy to the real events. He depicts that everyone must die eventually, and so the natural roots of democracy are therefore in mortality, whether due to natural causes or to the bloodshed of internecine warfare. Douglass blames church stating that it supports slave-owners and slavery.On the other hand, he states the venomous creature is nursing at the tender breast of your youthful republic for the love of God, tear away, and fling from you the hideous monster, and l et the weight of twenty millions crush and destroy it forever (Douglass, 2002). He separates Christianity and the American church underlining that The American church is guilty, when viewed in connection with what it is doing to uphold slavery (Douglass, 2002). In his speech, a spirit of mischievous and subversive anarchy runs through the entire work.This duality in views and ideals allowed slavery to continue. The short story of Edgar Poe The Masque of The Red Death vividly portrays the fear of death and deal. The protagonist of the story, the Prince Prospero fights with death trying to outwit it. Although, Poe depicts that it is a vein sacrifice that is painful and sorrowful causing terrible sufferings and emotional burden for the Prince. He looks around and sees the ordinariness of their existence. The Red Death or plagues is a symbol of death depicting that human beings cannot escape death.The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pe st ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men (Poe, n. d. ). Previously, the Prince had been a man who was somehow placed above ordinary mortals, who, either through his depth of suffering or his nobility of nature felt and suffered more than readers could be expected to do in everyday life. The hero also suffers death at the end, his downfall being a solvent of a fatal flaw in his character, a trait which he cannot help as it is a part of his makeup, but which causes the tragedy and eventually his death.The themes of fate and death show that being a part of culture religion was reflected in literary kit and boodle. Poe portrays that behavior of people was religiously determined and that the key to successful ideas was in the understanding of religious dogmas and values. In general, Poes concern is for degrees of personal freedom results when a man, struggling against death, is pushed further back, achieving little in his struggle for life, and ha ving degrees of freedom withdraw from him. Mortality is undergone in order to expand the human spirit, to delve into matters previously kept hidden, to grow through fear.The fear before un have a go at itn and punishment were the main causes allowing slavery to continue. The Black Cat belongs to a literature of horror portraying a world of an alcoholic suffered from uncontrollable rage and violence. In the intoxicated state the unnamed narrator cannot control his aggression and hangs his favorite black cat. In a period of time, he tries to kill another cat with an axe, but kills his married woman who tries to protect the animal. In this story, Poe portrays two different worlds reality and fantasy that resulted in terrible crimes.Also, Poe unveils the theme of human relations people love each other and make friends, but if they deprive their friends they are finished. (Poe, Black Cat, 2005). A Black Cat is a symbol of death and fate, fear and Hell. Similar to this explanation, the e xistence of the institution of slavery, in which white men played the dominant role and wielded control, placed slaves at the mercy of God and destiny. Christian traditions and consciousness allowed slavery to continue for a long time. Christian-conscious world was used as a strong force that affected all aspects of life.Fear of death and punishment limited actions of slaves and forced them to cultivate religious norms and traditions. In reality, Christian-conscious world was the only dominated institution which affected life of whites and blacks through culture and traditions. In literature, religion helped to develop and sustain morality by promoting moral reasoning and by exemplifying values and behaviors that were conducive to human dignity. In Puddnhead Wilson Mark Twain describes the role of fate and destiny in life of a slave. The events took place in the Dawsons Landing.Through the characters of Tom and Roxy Mark Twain shows that the fate and fear of unknown are determined by social traditions and religious norms. He writes he was not committing any sin that God would remember against him in the Last Great Day (Twain, 2001). Tom comes to know that every moment and every act share the same fate. The anticipation of his life dissolves the feeling of overriding importance. Mark Twain explains Consider the flea incomparably the bravest of all the creatures of God, if ignorance of fear were courage.Whether you are asleep or awake he will attack you .. you are to him as are the massed armies of the earth to a sucking kid (Twain, 2001). The literary woks under analysis show that church worked hard to distinguish religious values of slaves and masters and their respective on peoples. Christianity was the law of life for defenders. The quad between these groups and a largely secular but still vaguely society is such that the preservation of the former from the evils of the latter has been achieved by the erection of goodly social barriers.Religious piety an d submission were beliefs that were more marginal components of the political orientation depicted by the early American writers. But, truly said it was not an ideology we understand it but obsession. The religious mores and Christian dogmas were such that traditional practice isolates slaves from the wider society. Christianity can be seen as one of the main causes of slavery and oppression. Works Cited knave 1. Douglass, F. The Fourth of July. 2002. Available at http//douglassarchives. org/doug_a10. htm 2. Fogel, R. W.Without Consent or Contract The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. W. W. Norton, 1989. 3. Poe. E. The Masque of the Red Death. n. d. Available at http//bau2. uibk. ac. at/sg/poe/works/reddeath. html 4. Poe, E. The Black Cat. 2005. Available at http//www. online-literature. com/poe/24/ 5. Twain, M. Puddnhead Wilson. 2001. Available at http//emotionalliteracyeducation. com/classic_books_online/puddn10. htm 6. Wheatley, Ph. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Mor al. 1996. Available at http//www. gutenberg. org/dirs/etext96/whtly10. txt

People Only See What They Are Prepared to See Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, People only see what they argon vigilant to see. A statement so veridical, that the people to whom it implies are either not capable of under comporting it or simply send awaynot accept it. In feature, most of humanity can read the undeniably prodigious quote ad infinitum, without comprehending the profound meaning behind it.There are four types of individualities, each reacting to the quote in a different manner. And how individuals react to it, determines their general responses to the situations which life brings upon them.Innocent minds are unable to adequately understand the significance of the quote. Because of their naivety, they are neither able to respond intelligibly to the quote, nor to most situations in life. They are gullible and non-opinionative, thus, only seeing what others want them to see. The majority of people so caracterised are infants and young children. They fail to look at things from various perspectives because they have not yet had enough experience in life. For instance, if you speak of war with a child, he or she allow not admit how to respond. The mind of the person is too young for knowing what to do when spoken to about political conflicts, patriotisms, warfare, death and other serious matters. In most situations, their innocent, bumpkinly minds, simply cannot understand the difference between wrong and right until they develop into more sophisticated beings.Ignorant people avoid thinking about anything which does not concern them personally. These people apparently have the ability to see, but because of their personality, are unable to. Until they start caring, they will not be able to see things which charter care, because they are not yet ready. Many adolescents and unsuccessful people would fall into this category. And why I stereotype many unsuccessful people is due to the fact that they are unlearned to education and in time, fail to succeed in life. Education is the knowledge of l ife, and if avoided, results in failure at it. If again, you mention war to an ignorant being, he or she will dismiss the subject before it could reach the brains thinking process. These personalities could never go below the surface of the topic. obstinacy is similar to ignorance, but not quite the same. The stubborn will not hesitate to dive into the ocean, but will never reach the bottom so they can examine it in depth. These people will hear a topic they will think about the topic but before feel at it from another viewpoint, their stubbornness will compel them to form a prejudice opinion. These would be the people who, when spoken to of war, will take a stand on one side before examining the other. For example, if America is warring with Iraq, many stubborn Americans will support their leader no matter how immoral his actions whitethorn be. Same would imply to the stubborn Iraqis, who will deny the fact that their leader was corrupt without visualizing him from his victims per spective. Because they are the citizens of their country, they will overlook its faults and never question their governments actions, thus, diving into the situation, but only going half way down, because that is what they are prepared to see, therefore, that is what they see.The realists see everything and accept it as it is. They have the power to make innocent decisions and opinions. These are the people who will stand up for what they believe in. They are logical and open-minded. A realist would dive into the ocean, go to the bottom, take time to look at everything in depth, then, and only then, will form an opinion backed by much reasoning. Realists can see everything. Their minds have no road blocks blocking discipline from entering and processing through their brains. A realist will look at Emersons quote and completely comprehend its meaning.To what depth you understand this essay will determine how ready your mind is to accept the facts stated in it. Literally, you will s ee everything on these pages. However, mentally, your mind will comprehend only the details herein, for which it is prepared to accept. If you have read this far, you certainly are not ignorant you have already gone below the surface of the quote. If you have understood and accepted everything, congratulations, you are in fact, a realist If not, time may be the remedy to your innocence or stubbornness.

Love hula, love Hawaii Essay

Mele Kalikimaka is the thing to say on a bright Hawaiian Christmas day Thats the island greeting that we send to you from the land where palm trees sway Here we know that Christmas will be green and brightThe sun to shine by day and all the stars at nightMele Kalikimaka is Hawaiis way to say Merry Christmas to you 1 (Robert Alex Anderson)If ask people a question that which place has the more or less beautiful beach, sunshine and full of enthusiasm, I think most people will have the same answer, Hawaii. As we all know, Hawaii is the most famous holiday resort in the world, people who are from all over the world come here to enjoy the beautiful conniption, watch the hula-hula leap and eat delicious food. However, people should also know the culture, which are the symbols of Hawaii, such as hula, chant and mele. If youve ever been to Hawaii or see some shows near it, you have undoubtedly enjoyed the exotic, hip-swaying dance called hula. Beautiful island women and men act out the music through dance steps to tell stories, particularly their graceful section movements.Hula was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians who originally settled there. When Captain Cook arrived in Hawaii in 1779, the Hawaiian people had been bounce hula for centuries. Hula was danced as part of a religious program in the old days. Then, when the missionaries arrived in the 1830s, they convinced Queen Kaahumanu to prohibit hula because they survey hula was erotic. It was described like this The natives would practice in the hot sun for days on end. Drums pounded, gourds rattled, singers chanted, and hundreds of dancers wearing garlands of green leaves and flowers and dog-tooth anklets moved endlessly to and fro in lines, their brown skin glistening with sweat, with no sign of boredom or tiredness, (Daws, 1968)2 And hula was popular after King Kalakaua made it opened in the 1870s. directly Hawaiian dance has an added political dimension in that knowledge and understan ding of this cultural form are valued as an ingredient of ethnic identity element (Adrienne Kaeppler 1993234). Dance as part of a political construction, can be an aural and visual statement of distinctiveness and in some cases divisiveness and need non be associated with cultural understanding. More ethnic Hawaiians are beginning to appreciate and champion the importance of their heritage. More and more Hawaiians male and female are canvass hula in order to become part of the ethnic movement.3 As I know, native Hawaiians know the importance of hula and treat it as their pride. The government also pays attention on hula and advertises the culture of hula.Mele is perhaps the most important cultural symbol of the Hawaiians. It is the way ancient Hawaiians prayed and passed on legends and lore, linking their prehistory with their attest life.4 I still remember when I first heard the melody of Hawaii song I can felt the enthusiasm of this island immediately. For example, Mele Ka likimaka is a Hawaiian themed Christmas song written in 1949 by Robert Alex Anderson, when I hear the lively music, I would be relaxed. Everything because hula is the unique dance of the Hawaiian people. Everything because despite the homogenizing baffle of hula competition, which has brought only a limited range of the vast hula repertoire to the publics attention over the past thirty-five years, hula encompasses many different styles and types of dances.But it says nothing because hula simply cannot be reduced to Hawaiian folk dance. It carries forward the social and natural history, the religious beliefs, the philosophy, the literature, and the scientific knowledge of the Hawaiian people. 5 I think hula carries a lot of things, such as the religious beliefs, the social and natural history of Hawaii, the literature and philosophy, and Hawaiians and hula are inextricably fused. In conclusion, hula is an indispensable part of Hawaii and also treated as an important culture of the w orld. For me, Hawaii is the place I will go someday, I am sure I will love Hawaii and its culture while enjoy the beautiful scenery and ebullient show.References1. The lyrics of Mele Kalikimaka by Robert Alex Anderson 2. A brief history of hula. Retrieved from http//library.thinkquest.org/J0110077/hulahistory.htm 3. Torgersen, E. H. (June 2010). The social meanings of hula. University of Bergen. Retrievedfrom http//pacific.uib.no/people/Torgersen/The Social meanings of hula.pdf 4. Fellezs, K. (Spring 2007). Performing hawaiian. New York Brooklyn College of the City University. Retrieved from http//depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/isam/NewsletS07/Fellezs.htm 5. Rowe, S. M. (2008). We dance for knowledge. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http//muse.jhu.edu/journals/drj/summary/v040/40.1.rowe.html