Constituent Definition and Examples in Grammar

In English grammar, a constituent is a linguistic part of a larger sentence, phrase, or clause. For instance, all the words and phrases that make up a sentence are said to be  constituents  of that sentence. A constituent can be a  morpheme,  word,  phrase, or  clause. Sentence analysis identifies the subject or predicate or different parts of speech, a process known as parsing  the sentence into its constituents. It actually sounds more complicated than it is. Key Takeaways: Constituents in Grammar Constituents in grammar define the structural pieces of a sentence, phrase, or clause.  Constituents can be phrases, words, or morphemes.  Immediate Constituent Analysis is a way to identify the components.Analysis can be used to identify the structure of a given sentence, discover its deep meaning, and explore alternative ways of expressing the meaning.   Constituent Definition   Every sentence (and every phrase and clause) has constituents. That is to say, every sentence is made up of parts of other things that work together to make the sentence meaningful. For example, in the sentence: My dog Aristotle bit the postal carrier on the ankle, the constituent parts are the subject, made up of a Noun Phrase (my dog Aristotle), and the predicate, a Verb Phrase (bit the postal carrier on the ankle). A Noun Phrase (abbreviated NP) is made up of a noun and its modifiers. Modifiers that come before the noun include articles, possessive nouns,  possessive pronouns,  adjectives, or  participles. Modifiers that come after include prepositional phrases, adjective clauses, and participle phrases.A Verb Phrase (VP) is made up of a verb and its dependents (objects, complements, and modifiers). Each of the phrases in the sentence can be further broken down into its own constituents. The Subject NP includes the noun (Aristotle) and a possessive pronoun and noun (My dog) that modify Aristotle. The Verb Phrase includes the verb (bit), the NP the postal carrier, and the prepositional phrase on the ankle. Immediate Constituent Analysis One method of analyzing sentences, commonly known as immediate constituent analysis (or IC analysis), was introduced by the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield. As Bloomfield identified it, IC analysis involves breaking a sentence down into its parts and illustrating it with brackets or a tree diagram. Though originally associated with structural linguistics, IC analysis continues to be used (in various forms) by many contemporary grammarians.   The purpose of Immediate Constituent Analysis is to understand the way sentences are structured, as well as discover the deep meaning of the intended sentence and perhaps how it might be better expressed. In this diagram, the sentence My dog Aristotle bit the postal carrier on the ankle has been broken down (or parsed) into its separate constituents. The sentence contains a subject and predicate, parsed as Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase: those two things are known as the Immediate Constituents of the sentence. Each IC is then further analyzed into its own constituent parts—the IC of the Verb Phrase includes another Verb Phrase (bit the postal carrier) and a Prepositional Phrase (on the ankle). The contents of the IC—for example, the subject noun phrase includes determiner, noun, and modifier—are known as the ultimate constituents (UC) of that construction; they cannot be further broken down. The sentence The boy will sing, contains four word forms: an article (the), a noun (boy), a modal verb (will), and a verb (sing). Constituent analysis recognizes only two parts: the subject or noun phrase (the boy) and the predicate or verb phrase will sing. The Substitution Test So far, the sentences have been fairly straightforward. In the sentence Edward grows tomatoes as large as grapefruit, the constituent parts are the subject (that would be Edward) and the predicate (grows tomatoes); another constituent is the phrase as large as grapefruit, a noun phrase that modifies the noun of the predicate. In constituent analysis, youre looking for the basic underlying structure. The substitution test, or more properly proform substitution, helps identify the underlying structure by replacing a text string in a sentence with a suitable definite pronoun. That allows you to determine whether the sentence constituents are broken down into the smallest salient pieces, words that can be replaced by a single part of speech. The sentence My dog Aristotle bit the postal carrier on the ankle could be reduced to He bit (something) and something is the object of the verb, so there are two main parts—noun and verb—and each of those is considered a constituent part of the sentence in the diagram. To get to the bottom of Edward and his tomatoes, textbook authors Klammer, Schulz, and Volpe walk us through the logic by using the substitution test: ​Edward, the subject, is a single noun and is, according to our definition, a noun phrase as well. The main verb grows stands alone without any auxiliaries and is the entire main verb phrase. Although tomatoes, by itself, could be a noun phrase, in identifying constituents of the sentence, we are looking for the largest sequence of words that can be replaced by a single part of speech: a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Two facts suggest that tomatoes as large as grapefruit be considered as a single unit. First, in this sentence, the entire phrase can be replaced either by a single word tomatoes (or by a pronoun like something), yielding a complete sentence: Edward grows tomatoes or Edward grows something. Second, if you divide this structure, no single word can replace as large as grapefruit in this structure, while supplying similar information about the tomatoes. If, for example, you try to substitute a simple adjective like big for the phrase, you get *Edward grow s tomatoes big. Thus, the complete sequence tomatoes as large as grapefruit is a noun phrase constituting part of the predicate, and we identify the sentence constituents as follows: A noun phrase subject: Edward A verb phrase predicate: grows tomatoes as large as grapefruit A main verb phrase: grows A second noun phrase: tomatoes as large as grapefruit. Sources Bloomfield, Leonard. Language, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.  Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008.Klammer, Thomas P., Muriel R. Schulz, and Angela Della Volpe. Analyzing English Grammar, 4th ed. Pearson, 2004.Klinge, Alex. Mastering English. Walter de Gruyter, 1998Leech, Geoffrey N., Benita Cruickshank, and Roz Ivanic. An A-Z of English Grammar Usage, 2nd ed. Longman, 2001.Miller, Philip H. Clitics and Constituents in Phrase Structure Grammar. Garland, 1992Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994

Containment Of The Cold War Essay - 2391 Words

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Taking a Look at Global Outsourcing - 1407 Words

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Michael Harper The Waterbowl Essay Example For Students

Michael Harper The Waterbowl Essay I have selected the poem titled â€Å"The Waterbowl† by Michael S. Harper from his collection Dear John, Dear Coltrane. Part of the reason why I have selected this poem is for its simplicity. Simplicity is a quality that I truly value in poem. I feel that poetry is left much more to the unsaid and the senses which the words of the poem trigger. In â€Å"The Waterbowl,† the simplicity of the poem can be seen through the elementary vocabulary used in each short line. The line breaks also add on to the whole simplicity effect by creating short lines with one main idea for every two lines, â€Å"†¦her eyes had turned the color of okra†¦there is no love in those eyes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This break down allows the reader to easily process the information. In addition, more weight is given to each image and detail because of the emphasis that the line break creates and gives. One aspect that I really like about this poem is the use of concrete details to create an image. Since I find it hard to do this in my own poetry, I felt that â€Å"The Waterbowl† was a good poem to look at since it uses this literary tool to make the poem work. Harper offers concrete details such as â€Å"her eyes turned the color of okra,† â€Å"I took her pock-boned jaws,† â€Å"a mussel clamped into darkness,† and â€Å"two matchsticks in a bowl of water.† All these details are concrete and are able to create an image for the reader. The paradoxical or ironic thing is that Harper uses these concrete images to lead the reader to an abstract image of â€Å"there is no love in those eyes, only loss, pregnant with intelligent shame.† Lastly, another aspect of â€Å"The Waterbowl† is the use of metaphors. The most interesting part of the use of metaphors is to be able to draw similarities between two things that do not seem to have anything in common. For example, Harper compares eyes to waterbowls. Who would have thought of a pai r of eyes as a container of water? However, this comparison works because eyes are containers of tears and that is what the poem is describing. Harper then takes this metaphor further by adding in the matchsticks, â€Å"†¦her eyes two matchsticks in a bowl of water,† which he compared to a pair of eyes so tightly shut, â€Å"like a mussel clamped into darkness,† that they are reduced to a mere slit which resemble matchsticks. In addition the simile â€Å"like a mussel clamped into darkness† which Harper uses to describe the tightly shut eyes is a very effective comparison because mussels are very known for their unyielding strength to hold their shell shut, it is one of nature’s defensive mechanisms. And in a way, Harper is also associating this idea of the defense mechanism when he compares the sad eyes to the mussels it closes itself to separate itself from the outside world and to protect itself from getting hurt. With Harper’s use of the metaphor, simile, and concrete details, the poem, â€Å"The Waterbowl† succeeds in creating the image of â€Å"there is no love in those eyes, only loss, pregnant with intelligent shame.†Bibliography: